Evaluating the cutting rate (CR) of stones is important in the cost estimation and the planning of the stone processing plants. This research used regression models to estimate the stones’ CR based on their physico-mechanical characteristics. Stone processing factories in Mahallat City (Markazi province, Iran) were visited, and the CR of diamond circular saws was recorded on six different Travertine stones. Next, the stone block samples were collected from the quarries for laboratory tests. stones’ porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Schmidt hammer hardness (SH) were determined in the laboratory as their physico-mechanical characteristics. Correlation relationships of CR with physico-mechanical characteristics were evaluated using simple and multiple regression analyses, and estimator models were developed. Results showed that multiple regression models are more reliable than simple regression for estimating the stones’ CR. The validity of the developed multiple regression models was verified with the published data of one researcher. The findings indicated that these models are accurate enough for estimating the CR of stones. Consequently, the multiple regression models provide practical advantages for estimating the CR and save time and cost during the planning and design of the stone processing factories.

In the current research, geological-geomechanical modeling of the Mahallat, Hajiabad Travertine was conducted using 90 boreholes with a total length of 663.35 meters, at a large scale. To achieve the goal, first, 2D geological-geomechanical strip-logs, 3D lithological strip-logs, 3D lithological model of all boreholes, 3D fence diagram of lithology variations for the boundary boreholes and isopach map of the mining deposit were drawn. Afterward, statistical studies of the Core Recovery (RC) and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) data of the boreholes were performed, as well as 3D model of the RC data, 3D statistical map and 3D model of the RQD data were generated.The results of the research show that the average thickness of the deposit (containing Travertine and marly Travertine) equals to 4.05 meters, and the remaining reserve within the boreholes boundary is estimated 5,868,439 tons, indicating a significant and worthwhile reserve. The average RC of the boreholes is 77.4%, reflecting a relatively high quality of drilling operation and the deposit content. Also, the average RQD in the boreholes is 69.3%, classifying the quality of the Hajiabad Travertine based on the engineering rock classification using the RQD criterion as "fair". Based on the 3D statistical map of RQD data, the highest RQD values belong to the boreholes in the southern half of the area. The 3D model of the RQD also indicates that, in general, the quality of the Hajiabad Travertine stones are better in zones eastern 6 (6E), western 6 (6W), and 14 compared to the other zones.

Background and Aim: Humans in their environments are always exposed to radiation from radioactive materials in construction materials. Since humans are not far from these materials, the probability of radiation exposure is high. This is a dosimetric study of Travertine stones used in Zahedan in 2020 to determine the relationship between stone color and radioactivity. Materials and Methods: The building stones that existed and were used in Zahedan city were identified and listed. A total of 70 samples of Travertine were analyzed by the MKS model pen dosimeter for determining gamma Dose Rate (EDR) as microsievert per hour, gamma Equivalent Dose (ED) as millisievert, and beta flux density as parts per square centimeter per minute (part/cm2. min). Results: The highest mean EDR was in Travertine rocks in cream color as 0. 15 μ, Sv/h and the lowest was 0. 01 μ, Sv/h in white rock. The highest mean beta flux density was observed in Travertine rocks in the cream color sample as 0. 0016 part/cm2. min. The ED value of all samples was determined to be zero. Conclusion: The maximum amounts of EDR and beta flux for Travertine rocks were related to cream-colored rocks, which were slightly higher than the global average. The average EDR for Travertine rockswas slightly higher than the allowable limit. Also, the beta flux in Travertine rocks was lower than the allowable limit. The mean value of beta beam flux density in the ambient air was zero. In all samples, the amount of ED was zero. The amount of background radiation in the ambient air of Zahedan was the global average.

Salt crystallization is one of the most powerful weathering agents that may cause a rapid change in the mechanical properties of stones, and thus limit their durability. Consequently, determining the mechanical properties of stones due to salt crystallization is important for natural building stones used in marine environmental and mild climatic conditions, which expose excessive salt crystallization cycles. In this study, multivariate regression analysis was performed for estimating the mechanical properties of Travertine building stones after salt crystallization test. For this purpose, 12 Travertine samples were selected and their physical and mechanical properties (density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, and P-wave velocity) were determined. Then salt crystallization test was carried out at sodium sulfate solution (Na2SO4) up to 50 cycles and, after every 5 cycles, the uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength and P-wave velocity of the samples were measured. Using data analysis, regression equations were developed for estimating the mechanical properties of deteriorated samples at any cycle of the salt crystallization test. In these equations, the mechanical properties of the samples after salt crystallization were considered to be the dependent variable, which is dependent on the independent variables of the number of salt crystallization cycles, initial mechanical properties of the stones and their porosities. The validity of the equations was verified with the mechanical properties data of a researcher for salt crystallization test. The results showed that regression equations are in good accuracy for estimating the mechanical properties of stones, and thus making a rapid durability assessment.

Understanding the engineering properties of decorative building stones is of particular importance. In this research, after identifying the mines related to carbonate rocks in the southwest of Yazd, sampling was performed at the mine site and after packing, it was transferred to the laboratory. From three places to Quaternary age (Travertine and onyx), from three places to Oligomocene age (Abarkooh marble) and from three places to Cretaceous age (porcelain, crystal marble and black limestone) from each point 3 blocks A stone with approximate dimensions of 20 × 30 × 20 cm was prepared. Figure 2 shows the sampling sites. In order to evaluate the lithological, physical, strength and durability properties of the studied rocks, various laboratory experiments were performed. Then, according to the results of the experiments, the stones were scored based on the engineering properties of the stone. In terms of the highest score, Sangchini(90%), Black limestone(85%), Abarkooh marble(78%), Onix(69%), Hojjatabad Travertine(53%), Turan Posht Travertine(53%) and finally crystal marble(52%) had the lowest score, respectively.Black limestone, Abarkooh marble, Enix, Hojjatabad Travertine, Turan Posht Travertine and finally crystal marble had the lowest score, respectively.

Due to the topography and geological situation, East Azarbaijan province has massive deposits of ornamental and construction stones. As the province is located on "the hot spring marble and Travertine belt of Iran" due to past activity of Sahand and Sabalan volcanoes, ornamental stones of this region are famous worldwide and have desirable quality. In this article, geological conditions and formation of Travertine deposits of Iran has been studied, followed by an investigation on the physical and chemical specifications of ornamental travert, ine of Azarshahr. In addition, results of laboratory studies and chemical analyses are presented and discussed in different tables.

An 83-year-old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia and several comorbid conditions presented with irremovable urethral Foley catheter. Plain abdominal X-ray revealed a bladder full of stones. The patient had bilateral hydronephrosis and elevated serum Creatinine level. Open vesicolithotomy was done and more than 720 stones in various shapes and sizes was removed. After removal of stone, Creatinine gradually decreased from 4.9 to 1.8 mg/dL and most of lower urinary tract symptoms were alleviated in the follow-up.

Introduction: Although Travertine is now widely used as a building material, the effects of its radiological hazards to public health should be a matter of concern. Therefore, this study aimed to determine its radiological parameters with regard to human health. Material and Methods: In this research 10 Travertine samples were collected from exploitation zone in Haji Abad Mine in Mahallat, Iran. Specific radionuclide activities were determined by gamma spectrometry using a high purity germanium detector. In addition, radiological parameters, such as radium equivalent, air doses, internal and external risk factors (Hin, Hex), yearly gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE), and additional cancer risk (ELCR) throughout life were calculated. Results: The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radionuclides ranged within 3. 08-9. 16, 1. 22-6. 45, and 20. 15-91. 04 Bq/kg, respectively. The obtained means of internal and external annual effective dose of samples were 0. 03 and 0. 007 mSv/y. External and internal hazard indices for samples were within the range of 0. 003-0. 01 and 0. 01-0. 03, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the amount of radionuclides in Travertine rocks is very small compared to its global average in soil and rock. Therefore, it is suggested to use Travertine as a building material, which is not a threat to public health.

The global population growth and the subsequent surge in housing demand have inevitably led to an increase in the demand for concrete, and consequently, cement. This has posed environmental challenges, as cement factories are significant contributors to carbon dioxide emissions. One promising solution is to incorporate pozzolanic materials into concrete production. This study investigates the effects of using Travertine sludge as a partial substitute for cement. Seven different mix designs, along with a control mix, were created and compared. The primary variable was the ratio of Travertine sludge to cement weight, considered in intervals of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% of the cement's weight. Various tests were conducted, including compressive strength and flexural strength at ages of 7, 28, and 90 days, as well as a permeability test at 28 days. The findings revealed interesting patterns. At the 7-day mark, as the percentage of Travertine sludge increased, there was a decrease in compressive strength. However, by the 28-day mark, the concrete displayed a varied behavior: using up to 30% Travertine sludge by weight reduced the strength, but exceeding 30% resulted in increased strength. At the 90-day mark, an overall increase in strength was observed with the rise in Travertine sludge percentage. Such pozzolanic effects on compressive strength were somewhat predictable. Additionally, based on the flexural strength tests, Travertine sludge can be deemed a viable substitute for a certain percentage of cement by weight. This research underscores the potential of sustainable alternatives in the construction industry, promoting both professional development and personal branding for those engaged in eco-friendly practices.